Za m'badwo wotsatira mphamvu ya haidrojeni

Tidzayambitsa "hydrogen", m'badwo wotsatira wa mphamvu zomwe sizili ndi carbon. Hydrogen imagawidwa m'mitundu itatu: "green hydrogen", "blue hydrogen" ndi "grey hydrogen", iliyonse ili ndi njira yopangira yosiyana. Tidzafotokozeranso njira iliyonse yopangira, katundu wakuthupi monga zinthu, njira zosungirako / zoyendetsa, ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito. Ndipo ndifotokozanso chifukwa chake ndi m'badwo wotsatira womwe umakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri.

Electrolysis of Water Kuti Apange Green Hydrogen

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni, ndikofunikira "kupanga haidrojeni" mulimonse. Njira yosavuta ndiyo "electrolyze madzi". Mwinamwake munachita mu sayansi ya kusukulu. Lembani beaker ndi madzi ndi maelekitirodi m'madzi. Batire ikalumikizidwa ndi ma elekitirodi ndikupatsidwa mphamvu, zotsatirazi zimachitika m'madzi komanso mumagetsi aliwonse.
Pa cathode, H + ndi ma electron amaphatikizana kupanga mpweya wa haidrojeni, pamene anode imapanga mpweya. Komabe, njira iyi ndiyabwino pakuyesa sayansi yapasukulu, koma kuti apange haidrojeni m'mafakitale, njira zogwirira ntchito zoyenera kupanga zazikulu ziyenera kukonzekera. Izi ndi "polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis".
Mwanjira iyi, nembanemba ya polima yomwe imalola kuti ayoni a haidrojeni adutse pakati pa anode ndi cathode. Madzi akathiridwa mu anode ya chipangizocho, ma ayoni a haidrojeni opangidwa ndi electrolysis amadutsa mu nembanemba yomwe ingathe kulowa mkati mwa cathode, komwe amakhala mamolekyulu a haidrojeni. Kumbali inayi, ma ion a okosijeni sangathe kudutsa nembanemba yomwe imatha kukhala ndi mpweya ndikukhala mamolekyu a okosijeni pa anode.
Komanso mu electrolysis yamadzi amchere, mumapanga haidrojeni ndi okosijeni polekanitsa anode ndi cathode kudzera pa cholekanitsa chomwe maion hydroxide okha amatha kudutsa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira zamafakitale monga kutentha kwambiri kwa nthunzi electrolysis.
Pochita izi pamlingo waukulu, ma haidrojeni ambiri amatha kupezeka. Pochita izi, mpweya wochuluka umapangidwanso (theka la voliyumu ya haidrojeni yopangidwa), kotero kuti sungawononge chilengedwe ngati itatulutsidwa mumlengalenga. Komabe, electrolysis imafuna magetsi ambiri, kotero kuti mpweya wa haidrojeni wopanda kaboni ukhoza kupangidwa ngati upangidwa ndi magetsi osagwiritsa ntchito mafuta, monga makina opangira mphepo ndi mapanelo adzuwa.
Mutha kupeza "green hydrogen" mwa electrolyzing madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyera.

Palinso jenereta ya haidrojeni yopanga zazikulu za haidrojeni yobiriwira iyi. Pogwiritsa ntchito PEM mu gawo la electrolyzer, haidrojeni ikhoza kupangidwa mosalekeza.

Blue Hydrogen Yopangidwa kuchokera ku Mafuta a Fossil

Ndiye, njira zina zopangira haidrojeni ndi ziti? Hydrogen imapezeka mumafuta achilengedwe monga gasi ndi malasha monga zinthu zina osati madzi. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za methane (CH4), chigawo chachikulu cha gasi. Pali maatomu anayi a haidrojeni apa. Mutha kupeza haidrojeni potulutsa haidrojeni iyi.
Chimodzi mwa izi ndi njira yotchedwa "steam methane reforming" yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nthunzi. Mapangidwe a mankhwala a njirayi ndi awa.
Monga mukuonera, carbon monoxide ndi haidrojeni amatha kuchotsedwa mu molekyulu imodzi ya methane.
Mwanjira iyi, haidrojeni imatha kupangidwa kudzera munjira monga "steam reforming" ndi "pyrolysis" ya gasi ndi malasha. “Blue hydrogen” amatanthauza hydrogen yopangidwa motere.
Komabe, pamenepa, mpweya wa carbon monoxide ndi carbon dioxide amapangidwa monga zinthu zopangira. Choncho muyenera kuzikonzanso zisanatulutsidwe mumlengalenga. Mpweya wopangidwa ndi carbon dioxide, ngati sunapezekenso, umakhala mpweya wa haidrojeni, wotchedwa "grey hydrogen".

Kodi Hydrogen Ndi Yotani?

Hydrogen ili ndi nambala ya atomiki ya 1 ndipo ndiye chinthu choyamba pa tebulo la periodic.
Chiwerengero cha maatomu ndi chachikulu kwambiri m’chilengedwe chonse, ndipo chimapanga pafupifupi 90 peresenti ya zinthu zonse za m’chilengedwe. Atomu yaing'ono kwambiri yokhala ndi pulotoni ndi elekitironi ndi atomu ya haidrojeni.
Hydrogen ili ndi ma isotopu awiri okhala ndi ma neutroni omwe amamangiriridwa ku phata. "deuterium" imodzi yolumikizidwa ndi neutroni ndi "tritium" yolumikizidwa ndi neutroni. Izinso ndi zida zopangira magetsi ophatikizika.
Mkati mwa nyenyezi ngati dzuŵa, kusanganikirana kwa nyukiliya kuchokera ku haidrojeni kupita ku helium kukuchitika, kumene ndiko gwero lamphamvu la nyenyezi kuti liŵale.
Komabe, hydrogen sapezeka kawirikawiri ngati mpweya Padziko Lapansi. Hydrogen imapanga mankhwala ndi zinthu zina monga madzi, methane, ammonia ndi ethanol. Popeza kuti hydrogen ndi chinthu chopepuka, pamene kutentha kumakwera, liŵiro la kuyenda kwa mamolekyu a haidrojeni limawonjezereka, ndipo limatuluka ku mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi kupita ku mlengalenga.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito haidrojeni? Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mwachangu

Ndiye, kodi "hydrogen", yomwe yakopa chidwi padziko lonse lapansi ngati gwero lamphamvu la m'badwo wotsatira, imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji? Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: "kuyaka" ndi "ma cell cell". Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito "kuwotcha".
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya kuyaka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Choyamba ndi ngati mafuta a roketi. Roketi ya ku Japan ya H-IIA imagwiritsa ntchito gasi wa haidrojeni "liquid hydrogen" ndi "liquid oxygen" yomwe ilinso mu cryogenic state ngati mafuta. Izi ziwiri zimaphatikizidwa, ndipo mphamvu ya kutentha yomwe imapangidwa panthawiyo imathandizira jekeseni wa mamolekyu amadzi opangidwa, akuwulukira mumlengalenga. Komabe, chifukwa ndi injini yovuta mwaukadaulo, kupatula Japan, ndi United States, Europe, Russia, China ndi India okha omwe adaphatikiza bwino mafutawa.
Chachiwiri ndi kupanga mphamvu. Kupanga magetsi kwa gasi kumagwiritsanso ntchito njira yophatikizira haidrojeni ndi okosijeni kuti apange mphamvu. Mwanjira ina, ndi njira yomwe imayang'ana mphamvu yamafuta opangidwa ndi haidrojeni. M'mafakitale opangira magetsi, kutentha kwa malasha, mafuta ndi gasi kumatulutsa nthunzi yomwe imayendetsa ma turbines. Ngati haidrojeni itagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la kutentha, malo opangira magetsi amakhala opanda mpweya.

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito haidrojeni? Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Selo la Mafuta

Njira inanso yogwiritsira ntchito haidrojeni ndi monga selo yamafuta, yomwe imatembenuza haidrojeni kukhala magetsi. Makamaka, Toyota yakopa chidwi ku Japan potengera magalimoto opangidwa ndi haidrojeni m'malo mwa magalimoto amagetsi (EVs) ngati njira yosinthira magalimoto amafuta monga gawo la njira zake zothanirana ndi kutentha kwapadziko lonse.
Mwachindunji, tikuchita njira yosinthira pamene tikuyambitsa njira yopangira "green hydrogen". The chemical formula ndi motere.
Hydrojeni imatha kupanga madzi (madzi otentha kapena nthunzi) pomwe ikupanga magetsi, ndipo imatha kuwunikidwa chifukwa sichiika mtolo pa chilengedwe. Komano, njirayi ili ndi mphamvu yochepa yopangira mphamvu ya 30-40%, ndipo imafuna platinamu monga chothandizira, motero imafunika ndalama zowonjezera.
Pakadali pano, tikugwiritsa ntchito ma cell amafuta a polymer electrolyte (PEFC) ndi ma cell amafuta a phosphoric acid (PAFC). Makamaka, magalimoto oyendetsa mafuta amagwiritsa ntchito PEFC, kotero zikhoza kuyembekezera kufalikira mtsogolomu.

Kodi Kusungirako Ma hydrogen ndi Mayendedwe Ndi Bwino?

Pakalipano, tikuganiza kuti mukumvetsa momwe mpweya wa haidrojeni umapangidwira ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndiye mumasunga bwanji haidrojeni iyi? Kodi mumachipeza bwanji pamene mukuchifuna? Nanga bwanji za chitetezo panthaŵiyo? Tifotokoza.
Ndipotu hydrogen ndi chinthu choopsa kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, tinkagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa haidrojeni monga mpweya woyandama mabaluni, mabuloni, ndi zombo zapamlengalenga m’mwamba chifukwa kunali kopepuka kwambiri. Komabe, pa May 6, 1937, ku New Jersey, m’dziko la United States, “kuphulika kwa ndege ku Hindenburg” kunachitika.
Kuyambira ngoziyi, zadziwika kuti mpweya wa hydrogen ndi wowopsa. Makamaka ikagwira moto, imaphulika mwamphamvu ndi mpweya. Choncho, “kupewa mpweya” kapena “kupewa kutentha” n’kofunika kwambiri.
Titachita izi, tinapeza njira yotumizira.
Hydrogen ndi mpweya wotentha kwambiri, kotero ngakhale akadali mpweya, ndi wochuluka kwambiri. Njira yoyamba ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwambiri ndi kupanikizana ngati silinda popanga zakumwa za carbonated. Konzani tanki yapadera yothamanga kwambiri ndikuyisunga pansi pazovuta kwambiri monga 45Mpa.
Toyota, yomwe imapanga magalimoto amtundu wamafuta (FCV), ikupanga tanki yothamanga kwambiri ya hydrogen yomwe imatha kupirira kukakamiza kwa 70 MPa.
Njira ina ndi yozizirira mpaka -253 ° C kupanga madzi a haidrojeni, ndikusunga ndi kunyamula m'matanki apadera otetezedwa ndi kutentha. Mofanana ndi LNG (gasi wachilengedwe) pamene gasi wachilengedwe amatumizidwa kuchokera kunja, haidrojeni imasungunuka panthawi yoyendetsa, kuchepetsa mphamvu yake kufika pa 1/800 ya mpweya wake. Mu 2020, tidamaliza chonyamulira cha haidrojeni chamadzimadzi choyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, njira imeneyi si yoyenera magalimoto amafuta chifukwa pamafunika mphamvu zambiri kuti azizire.
Pali njira yosungira ndi kutumiza m'matanki monga iyi, koma tikupanganso njira zina zosungiramo haidrojeni.
Njira yosungiramo ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma aloyi osungira ma hydrogen. Hydrogen ili ndi mphamvu yolowera zitsulo ndikuwonongeka. Iyi ndi mfundo yachitukuko yomwe idapangidwa ku United States m'ma 1960. JJ Reilly et al. Kuyesera kwawonetsa kuti haidrojeni imatha kusungidwa ndikumasulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito aloyi ya magnesium ndi vanadium.
Pambuyo pake, adapanga bwino chinthu, monga palladium, yomwe imatha kuyamwa haidrojeni nthawi 935.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito aloyiyi ndikuti utha kuteteza ngozi za hydrogen kutayikira (makamaka ngozi za kuphulika). Choncho, ikhoza kusungidwa bwino ndi kunyamulidwa. Komabe, ngati simusamala ndikuzisiya m'malo olakwika, ma aloyi osungira ma hydrogen amatha kutulutsa mpweya wa haidrojeni pakapita nthawi. Chabwino, ngakhale kamoto kakang'ono kangathe kuyambitsa ngozi ya kuphulika, choncho samalani.
Zimakhalanso ndi zovuta kuti kuyamwa kwa haidrojeni mobwerezabwereza ndi kutsekemera kumayambitsa kutsekemera ndi kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwa haidrojeni.
Ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi. Pali chikhalidwe chomwe chiyenera kukhala chosakanizidwa komanso chochepa kuti chiteteze kuphulika kwa mapaipi, koma ubwino ndi wakuti mapaipi omwe alipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Gasi la Tokyo linagwira ntchito yomanga pa Harumi FLAG, pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a gasi a mumzinda kuti apereke haidrojeni kuma cell amafuta.

Future Society Yopangidwa ndi Hydrogen Energy

Pomaliza, tiyeni tione ntchito imene haidrojeni ingachite pagulu.
Chofunika kwambiri tikufuna kulimbikitsa anthu opanda mpweya, timagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni kupanga magetsi m'malo mokhala mphamvu ya kutentha.
M'malo mwa mafakitale akuluakulu opangira magetsi, mabanja ena adayambitsa makina monga ENE-FARM, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni yomwe imapezeka pokonzanso gasi kuti apange magetsi ofunikira. Komabe, funso loti achite ndi zotulukapo za ndondomeko yokonzanso lidakalipo.

M'tsogolomu, ngati kufalikira kwa haidrojeni kumawonjezeka, monga kuonjezera chiwerengero cha malo opangira mafuta a hydrogen, kudzakhala kotheka kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi popanda kutulutsa carbon dioxide. Mphamvu yamagetsi imapanga haidrojeni yobiriwira, motero imagwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangidwa kuchokera ku kuwala kwa dzuwa kapena mphepo. Mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito electrolysis iyenera kukhala mphamvu yopondereza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopangira mphamvu kapena kulipiritsa batire yowonjezereka pamene pali mphamvu yochulukirapo kuchokera ku mphamvu zachilengedwe. Mwanjira ina, haidrojeni ili pamalo omwewo ngati batire yowonjezedwanso. Izi zikachitika, pamapeto pake zidzatheka kuchepetsa kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi. Tsiku lomwe injini yoyaka mkati imasowa m'magalimoto ikuyandikira kwambiri.

Hydrojeni imatha kupezekanso kudzera munjira ina. Ndipotu, haidrojeni akadali wopangidwa kuchokera ku caustic soda. Mwa zina, ndi chotulukapo cha coke popanga chitsulo. Ngati muyika haidrojeni iyi pogawa, mudzatha kupeza magwero angapo. Mpweya wa haidrojeni wopangidwa motere amaperekedwanso ndi ma hydrogen station.

Tiyeni tionenso zamtsogolo. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zatayika ndizovutanso ndi njira yotumizira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mawaya kuti ipereke mphamvu. Chotero, m’tsogolomu, tidzagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni yoperekedwa ndi mapaipi, monganso matanki a asidi a carbonic amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakumwa za carbonate, ndi kugula thanki ya haidrojeni kunyumba kuti apange magetsi a nyumba iliyonse. Zipangizo zam'manja zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a haidrojeni zikukhala zofala. Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuona tsogolo loterolo.