Tidzayambitsa "haidrojeni", mbadwo wotsatira wa mphamvu zomwe sizimakhudzidwa ndi mpweya. Haidrojeni imagawidwa m'mitundu itatu: "haidrojeni wobiriwira", "haidrojeni wabuluu" ndi "haidrojeni imvi", iliyonse yomwe ili ndi njira yosiyana yopangira. Tidzafotokozanso njira iliyonse yopangira, zinthu zakuthupi monga zinthu, njira zosungira/zoyendera, ndi njira zogwiritsira ntchito. Ndipo ndidzayambitsanso chifukwa chake ndi gwero lamphamvu la mbadwo wotsatira.
Kukonza Madzi ndi Magetsi Kuti Apange Hydrojeni Yobiriwira
Mukagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni, ndikofunikira "kupanga haidrojeni". Njira yosavuta ndiyo "kuyika madzi mu electrolyze". Mwina munachita mu sayansi ya pulayimale. Dzazani beaker ndi madzi ndi ma electrode m'madzi. Batire ikalumikizidwa ku ma electrode ndi mphamvu, zotsatirazi zimachitika m'madzi ndi mu electrode iliyonse.
Pa cathode, H+ ndi ma elekitironi amaphatikizana kuti apange mpweya wa haidrojeni, pomwe anode imapanga mpweya. Komabe, njira iyi ndi yabwino pa zoyeserera za sayansi ya kusukulu, koma kuti apange haidrojeni m'mafakitale, njira zogwira mtima zoyenera kupanga zinthu zazikulu ziyenera kukonzedwa. Imeneyo ndi "electrolysis ya polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM)".
Mu njira iyi, nembanemba ya polymer yomwe imalola kuti ma ayoni a hydrogen adutse imayikidwa pakati pa anode ndi cathode. Madzi akathiridwa mu anode ya chipangizocho, ma ayoni a hydrogen omwe amapangidwa ndi electrolysis amadutsa mu nembanemba yomwe imadutsa pang'ono kupita ku cathode, komwe amakhala molekyulu ya hydrogen. Kumbali inayi, ma ayoni a oxygen sangadutse mu nembanemba yomwe imadutsa pang'ono ndikukhala mamolekyu a oxygen pa anode.
Komanso mu electrolysis ya madzi a alkaline, mumapanga haidrojeni ndi mpweya mwa kulekanitsa anode ndi cathode kudzera mu separator yomwe ma hydroxide ions okha ndi omwe amatha kudutsa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira zamafakitale monga electrolysis ya nthunzi yotentha kwambiri.
Mwa kuchita izi pamlingo waukulu, hydrogen yambiri ingapezeke. Mu njirayi, mpweya wochuluka umapangidwanso (theka la hydrogen yomwe imapangidwa), kotero kuti sungakhudze chilengedwe ngati utatulutsidwa mumlengalenga. Komabe, electrolysis imafuna magetsi ambiri, kotero hydrogen yopanda carbon ingapangidwe ngati itapangidwa ndi magetsi omwe sagwiritsa ntchito mafuta, monga ma wind turbine ndi ma solar panels.
Mungapeze "hayidrojeni yobiriwira" mwa kuyika madzi m'ma electrolyzing pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yoyera.
Palinso jenereta ya haidrojeni yopangira haidrojeni yobiriwira iyi pamlingo waukulu. Pogwiritsa ntchito PEM mu gawo la electrolyzer, haidrojeni imatha kupangidwa mosalekeza.
Hydrojeni Yabuluu Yopangidwa Kuchokera ku Mafuta a Zakale
Ndiye, njira zina zopangira haidrojeni ndi ziti? Haidrojeni imapezeka mu mafuta monga gasi wachilengedwe ndi malasha ngati zinthu zina kupatula madzi. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani methane (CH4), gawo lalikulu la mpweya wachilengedwe. Pali maatomu anayi a haidrojeni apa. Mutha kupeza haidrojeni pochotsa haidrojeni iyi.
Chimodzi mwa izi ndi njira yotchedwa "kukonzanso nthunzi ya methane" yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nthunzi. Njira ya mankhwala ya njira iyi ndi iyi.
Monga mukuonera, carbon monoxide ndi hydrogen zimatha kuchotsedwa mu molekyulu imodzi ya methane.
Mwanjira imeneyi, haidrojeni imatha kupangidwa kudzera mu njira monga "kusintha nthunzi" ndi "pyrolysis" ya mpweya wachilengedwe ndi malasha. "Blue hydrogen" imatanthauza haidrojeni yopangidwa motere.
Komabe, pankhaniyi, carbon monoxide ndi carbon dioxide zimapangidwa ngati zinthu zina. Choncho muyenera kuzibwezeretsanso musanatulutse mumlengalenga. Carbon dioxide yomwe yapangidwa, ngati siibwezeretsedwanso, imasanduka mpweya wa hydrogen, wotchedwa "imvi hydrogen".
Kodi Hydrogen ndi chinthu cha mtundu wanji?
Hydrojeni ili ndi nambala ya atomiki ya 1 ndipo ndiye chinthu choyamba pa tebulo la periodic.
Chiwerengero cha maatomu ndicho chachikulu kwambiri m'chilengedwe chonse, chomwe chimapanga pafupifupi 90% ya zinthu zonse m'chilengedwe chonse. Atomu yaying'ono kwambiri yokhala ndi pulotoni ndi elekitironi ndi atomu ya haidrojeni.
Hydrogen ili ndi ma isotopu awiri okhala ndi ma neutroni olumikizidwa ku nyukiliyasi. Chimodzi chokhala ndi "deuterium" yolumikizidwa ndi neutroni ndi ziwiri zokhala ndi "tritium" yolumikizidwa ndi neutroni. Izi ndi zinthu zopangira mphamvu yosakanikirana.
Mkati mwa nyenyezi ngati dzuwa, kusakanikirana kwa nyukiliya kuchokera ku haidrojeni kupita ku helium kukuchitika, komwe ndi gwero la mphamvu kuti nyenyeziyo iwale.
Komabe, haidrojeni sipezeka kawirikawiri ngati mpweya padziko lapansi. Haidrojeni imapanga zinthu zina monga madzi, methane, ammonia ndi ethanol. Popeza haidrojeni ndi chinthu chopepuka, kutentha kukakwera, liwiro la kayendedwe ka mamolekyu a haidrojeni limawonjezeka, ndipo limachoka ku mphamvu yokoka ya dziko lapansi kupita kumlengalenga.
Kodi Mungagwiritse Ntchito Bwanji Hydrogen? Gwiritsani Ntchito Poyatsa
Ndiye, kodi “haidrojeni”, yomwe yakopa chidwi cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi ngati gwero la mphamvu la m'badwo wotsatira, imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwanji? Imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: “kuyaka” ndi “mafuta”. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito “kuwotcha”.
Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya kuyaka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Choyamba ndi mafuta a roketi. Roketi ya H-IIA ya ku Japan imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa hydrogen “hydrogen wamadzi” ndi “oxygen wamadzi” womwe ulinso mu mkhalidwe wa cryogenic ngati mafuta. Izi ziwiri zimaphatikizidwa, ndipo mphamvu yotentha yomwe imapangidwa panthawiyo imafulumizitsa kulowetsedwa kwa mamolekyulu amadzi opangidwa, ndikuwuluka mumlengalenga. Komabe, chifukwa ndi injini yovuta kwambiri, kupatula Japan, United States, Europe, Russia, China ndi India okha ndi omwe aphatikiza bwino mafuta awa.
Chachiwiri ndi kupanga magetsi. Kupanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito turbine ya gasi kumagwiritsanso ntchito njira yophatikiza haidrojeni ndi okosijeni kuti apange mphamvu. Mwanjira ina, ndi njira yomwe imayang'ana mphamvu ya kutentha yomwe imapangidwa ndi haidrojeni. Mu malo opangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha, kutentha kuchokera ku malasha oyaka, mafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe kumapanga nthunzi yomwe imayendetsa ma turbine. Ngati haidrojeni igwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la kutentha, malo opangira magetsi sadzakhala ndi mpweya woipa.
Kodi Hydrogen Imagwiritsidwa Ntchito Bwanji? Imagwiritsidwa Ntchito Ngati Selo ya Mafuta
Njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito haidrojeni ndi monga fuel cell, yomwe imasintha haidrojeni mwachindunji kukhala magetsi. Makamaka, Toyota yakopa chidwi ku Japan potcha magalimoto oyendetsedwa ndi haidrojeni m'malo mwa magalimoto amagetsi (EVs) ngati njira ina m'malo mwa magalimoto amafuta ngati gawo la njira zake zothanirana ndi kutentha kwa dziko lapansi.
Makamaka, tikuchita njira yosiyana tikayambitsa njira yopangira "hayidrojeni wobiriwira". Fomula ya mankhwala ndi iyi.
Hydrojeni imatha kupanga madzi (madzi otentha kapena nthunzi) popanga magetsi, ndipo imatha kuyesedwa chifukwa siimabweretsa mavuto pa chilengedwe. Kumbali ina, njira iyi ili ndi mphamvu zochepa zopangira magetsi za 30-40%, ndipo imafuna platinamu ngati chothandizira, motero imafuna ndalama zowonjezera.
Pakadali pano, tikugwiritsa ntchito ma cell a polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFC) ndi ma cell a phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC). Makamaka, magalimoto a fuel cell amagwiritsa ntchito PEFC, kotero zitha kuyembekezeredwa kufalikira mtsogolo.
Kodi Kusunga ndi Kuyendetsa Hydrogen N'kotetezeka?
Pakadali pano, tikuganiza kuti mwamvetsa momwe mpweya wa haidrojeni umapangidwira ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndiye mumasunga bwanji haidrojeni iyi? Mumaipeza bwanji pamene mukuifuna? Nanga bwanji za chitetezo panthawiyo? Tidzafotokoza.
Ndipotu, haidrojeni ndi chinthu choopsa kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, tinkagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni ngati mpweya woyandamitsa mabaluni, mabaluni, ndi zombo zamlengalenga chifukwa chinali chopepuka kwambiri. Komabe, pa 6 Meyi, 1937, ku New Jersey, USA, "kuphulika kwa sitima yapamadzi ya Hindenburg" kunachitika.
Kuyambira ngoziyi, anthu ambiri adziwa kuti mpweya wa haidrojeni ndi woopsa. Makamaka ukayaka moto, umaphulika mwamphamvu ndi mpweya wa okosijeni. Chifukwa chake, "sungani kutali ndi mpweya" kapena "sungani kutali ndi kutentha" ndikofunikira.
Titachita izi, tinapeza njira yotumizira.
Hydrogen ndi mpweya womwe umapezeka kutentha kwa chipinda, kotero ngakhale ukadali mpweya, ndi wolemera kwambiri. Njira yoyamba ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi ndikufinya ngati silinda popanga zakumwa zokhala ndi carbonated. Konzani thanki yapadera yamagetsi yamagetsi ndikuisunga pansi pa mphamvu yamagetsi ...
Toyota, yomwe imapanga magalimoto amafuta (FCV), ikupanga thanki ya hydrogen yokhala ndi mphamvu ya resin yomwe imatha kupirira mphamvu ya 70 MPa.
Njira ina ndiyo kuziziritsa mpaka -253°C kuti apange haidrojeni yamadzimadzi, ndikusunga ndikunyamula m'matanki apadera otenthetsera. Monga LNG (gasi wachilengedwe wosungunuka) pamene gasi wachilengedwe watumizidwa kuchokera kunja, haidrojeni imasungunuka ikayenda, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwake kufika pa 1/800 ya momwe imakhalira ndi gasi. Mu 2020, tinamaliza chonyamulira cha haidrojeni chamadzimadzi choyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Komabe, njira iyi si yoyenera magalimoto amafuta chifukwa imafuna mphamvu zambiri kuti izizire.
Pali njira yosungira ndi kutumiza m'matanki ngati awa, koma tikupanganso njira zina zosungira haidrojeni.
Njira yosungiramo zinthu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zosungiramo haidrojeni. Haidrojeni ili ndi mphamvu yolowa m'zitsulo ndikuziwononga. Iyi ndi njira yopangira zinthu yomwe idapangidwa ku United States m'zaka za m'ma 1960. JJ Reilly et al. Kuyesera kwasonyeza kuti haidrojeni ikhoza kusungidwa ndikutulutsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito magnesium ndi vanadium.
Pambuyo pake, adapanga bwino chinthu monga palladium, chomwe chimatha kuyamwa hydrogen kuwirikiza nthawi 935 kuchuluka kwake.
Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito alloy iyi ndikuti imatha kupewa ngozi zotuluka za haidrojeni (makamaka ngozi zophulika). Chifukwa chake, imatha kusungidwa ndikunyamulidwa mosamala. Komabe, ngati simusamala ndikuyisiya pamalo olakwika, alloy osungira haidrojeni amatha kutulutsa mpweya wa haidrojeni pakapita nthawi. Eya, ngakhale kamoto kakang'ono kangayambitse ngozi yophulika, choncho samalani.
Komanso pali vuto lakuti kuyamwa ndi kusungunuka kwa haidrojeni mobwerezabwereza kumabweretsa kusalimba kwa mpweya ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa haidrojeni.
Chinanso ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi. Pali lamulo loti payenera kukhala osapanikizika komanso opanda mphamvu kuti mapaipi asawonongeke, koma ubwino wake ndi wakuti mapaipi a gasi omwe alipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Tokyo Gas inagwira ntchito yomanga pa Harumi FLAG, pogwiritsa ntchito mapaipi a gasi a mumzinda kuti ipereke hydrogen ku maselo amafuta.
Bungwe la Tsogolo Lopangidwa ndi Hydrogen Energy
Pomaliza, tiyeni tione udindo umene haidrojeni ingakhale nawo m'gulu la anthu.
Chofunika kwambiri ndichakuti tikufuna kulimbikitsa dziko lopanda kaboni, timagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni popanga magetsi m'malo mwa kutentha.
M'malo mwa magetsi akuluakulu otenthetsera, mabanja ena ayambitsa makina monga ENE-FARM, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni yomwe imapezeka posintha mpweya wachilengedwe kuti apange magetsi ofunikira. Komabe, funso loti tichite chiyani ndi zinthu zina zomwe zachokera mu ndondomeko yokonzanso zinthu likupitirirabe.
Mtsogolomu, ngati kuyenda kwa haidrojeni yokha kukuwonjezeka, monga kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa malo odzaza mafuta a haidrojeni, zidzakhala zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi popanda kutulutsa carbon dioxide. Magetsi amapanga haidrojeni wobiriwira, ndithudi, kotero amagwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangidwa kuchokera ku dzuwa kapena mphepo. Mphamvu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza magetsi iyenera kukhala mphamvu yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopangira kapena kutchaja batri yotha kubwezeretsanso pamene pali mphamvu yochulukirapo kuchokera ku mphamvu zachilengedwe. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, haidrojeni ili pamalo omwewo ndi batri yotha kubwezeretsanso. Ngati izi zitachitika, pamapeto pake zidzakhala zotheka kuchepetsa mphamvu zopangira kutentha. Tsiku lomwe injini yoyaka mkati idzasowa m'magalimoto likuyandikira mofulumira.
Hydrogen ingapezekenso kudzera mu njira ina. Ndipotu, haidrojeni ikadali chinthu chochokera ku kupanga soda. Pakati pa zinthu zina, ndi chinthu chochokera ku kupanga coke popanga zitsulo. Ngati muyika haidrojeni iyi mu kugawa, mudzatha kupeza magwero osiyanasiyana. Mpweya wa haidrojeni wopangidwa mwanjira imeneyi umaperekedwanso ndi malo opangira haidrojeni.
Tiyeni tiwone zambiri zamtsogolo. Kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimatayika ndi vuto linanso ndi njira yotumizira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mawaya kuti apereke mphamvu. Chifukwa chake, mtsogolomu, tidzagwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni yoperekedwa ndi mapaipi, monga momwe matanki a carbonic acid amagwiritsidwira ntchito popanga zakumwa zokhala ndi carbonated, ndikugula thanki ya haidrojeni kunyumba kuti ipange magetsi a banja lililonse. Zipangizo zam'manja zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a haidrojeni zikuchulukirachulukira. Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kuwona tsogolo lotere.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-08-2023
